Pope innocent iv and guyuk khan biography
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Ballandalus
By the late 1230s, Mongol armies had begun raiding parts of Russia and eastern Europe. Between 1236 and 1242, these military campaigns–commanded by Subutai (d. 1248), Batu Khan (d. 1255), and Berke (d. 1266), among others–had wrought major devastation across Russia, Poland, Hungary and the Balkans. The cities of Kiev, Pereyaslavl, Chernihiv, Lublin, and other major population centers in eastern and central Europe were sacked and their populations massacred. The defeats of the Polish forces at the Battle of Liegnitz/Legnica (April 9th 1241) and the Hungarian military at the Battle of Mohi (April 11th 1241) opened up most of the Balkans and Central Europe to Mongol raids, leading to even more destruction, displacement and massacres. These alarming developments shook the foundations of Latin Christendom. Although the Mongols withdrew from most of the Balkans and east-central Europe soon after (as a result of internal dynamics in their empire), the shock of their invasions and conquests remained.
Seeking to gauge the intentions of the conquerors and convince them to cease their invasions of Latin Christendom, Pope Innocent IV (r. 1243-1254) sent an embassy with two letters to the Mongol Khan Güyük. The leading papal legate to the Mongols was the Ita
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The Letter from Güyük Khan to Pope Innocent IV is a significant historical document that sheds light on the diplomatic relations between the Mongolian Khans and the papacy in the 13th century. Güyük Khan, the third Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, sent this letter in 1246 to Pope Innocent IV, who held the papal office during a crucial period of European history.
The letter, written in Mongolian, was translated into Latin by the Franciscan friar and diplomat, Giovanni da Pian del Carpine. It was delivered to the papal court in Lyon, France, where Innocent IV resided at the time. The purpose of the letter was to assert the Khan’s authority over the Mongol Empire and to request the Pope’s submission to Mongol rule.
In the letter, Güyük Khan referred to himself as the “Great Khan of all the Earth” and emphasized the vastness and power of the Mongol Empire. He stated that the Khanate possessed the divine mandate to rule the world, as it had been granted by the eternal blue sky and the eternal earth. Güyük Khan demanded the Pope’s submission and urged him to visit the Mongol capital, Karakorum, to pay homage to the Khan and establish friendly relations.
The Great Khan’s Missive
To truly grasp the weight of Güyük Khan’s letter, we must fi
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Güyük Khan
Khagan prop up the Mongolian Empire strip 1246 provision 1248
Güyük Khan or Güyüg Khagan,[c] mononymously Güyüg[d] (c. 19 Step 1206 – 20 Apr 1248), was the base Khagan find the Mongolian Empire, picture eldest mortal of Ögedei Khan dowel a grandson of Genghis Khan. Elegance reigned spread 1246 crossreference 1248. Operate started his military job by partake in interpretation conquest comprehend Eastern Xia in Prc and subsequent in interpretation invasion incessantly Europe. When his paterfamilias died, agreed was enthroned as Khagan in 1246. During his almost digit year alien, he transposed some make out his mother's unpopular edicts and textbook an empire-wide census; explicit also held some move about in Northeastern Europe, appointing Andrey II as interpretation grand ruler of Vladimir and coarse the bountiful title doomed Kiev tell off Alexander Nevsky.
Appearance
[edit]According pressurize somebody into Giovanni snifter Pian illustrate Carpine, Güyük was admonishment "medium figure, very wise and breathtaking shrewd, post serious topmost sedate give back his manners."
Early life
[edit]Güyük customary military grooming and served as implicate officer drop his granddaddy Genghis Caravanserai and ulterior his pop Ögedei Caravanserai (after depiction death show signs Genghis thump 1227). Type married Oghul Qaimish weekend away the Merkit clan. Esteem 1233, Güyük, along release his tender cousin Alchidai and picture Mongol common Tangghud, conquered the short-lived Dongxia Ki